ACADEMIA Letters The Effects of Upward and Downward Counterfactual Thinking in Relation to Sexual Assault and the Loss of a Loved One due to Kidnapping Cynthia Xu Peter Anto Johnson John Christy Johnson Angela Kazmierczak Austin Mardon Introduction Whether people notice it or not, counterfactual thinking is a regular phenomenon that occurs in our everyday lives. Counterfactual Thinking Flashcards | Quizlet Although downward counterfactuals are generated less frequently PLOS ONE Dispositional optimism weakly predicts upward, rather than … Upward counterfactual thinking and Ambiguities surround a series of past studies in which optimism predicted relatively greater downward counterfactual thinking. This research examines the effects of pre-counterfactual thinking and anticipated emotions on the amount of the first bid placed in Name-Your-Own-Price auctions. The counterfactual voting thought, and the reasons to vote questionnaire were the stimulus materials used to assess counterfactual thinking and voting decision respectively. The exploration of counterfactuals has been initiated independently by Our studies focus on upward counterfactual thinking, that is, how consumers simulate better outcomes in response to scenarios involving negative outcomes. Counterfactual Thinking The depressed and nondepressed groups did not differ in their focus on the self or other within their counterfactual thoughts in response to a positive or negative eventAlso, no differences between the depressed and nondepressed groups use of upward and downward counterfactual thoughts were found. Attitude survey is the most commonly used technique for measuring attitudes. Epub 2015 Apr 30. Upward counterfactual thinking is a variation of counterfactual thinking that can be contrasted with downward counterfactual thinking. upward and downward is used to characterize comparisons of oneself to other individuals (see Collins, 1996; Taylor, Buunk, & Aspinwall, 1990; and Wood, 1989). In turn, researchers also attempted to describe the possible functions that upward and downward counterfactual thoughts might serve. Counterfactual thinking (CFT), that is thinking about what might have happened, is linked to post‐traumatic stress. Download PDF. Keith Markman. In counterfactual thinking, it is useful to differentiate two directions: Upward counterfactuals imagine a more positive outcome, and downward counterfactuals a more negative outcome. Counterfactual thoughts are also categorized by their direction, Depressive states amplify both upward and downward ... Dispositional optimism weakly predicts upward, rather than ... 233: The Impact of Counterfactual Thinking on Affect Attitudes and Behavior. ... 2010) or relief if we realize that our current life could be worse; respectively making an upward comparison for the former and a downward comparison for the latter). When they engage in upward counterfactual thinking, people are able to imagine alternatives with better positive outcomes. The outcome seems worse when compared to positive alternative outcomes. This realization motivates them to take positive action in order to meet their goal in the future. You could push the paramedic out of the way and do the CPR yourself, but you’ll likely do a worse job. Counterfactual Thinking. She loves sports and is very competitive. optimism, upward and downward counterfactual thinking toward persistence among student competitors. Downward counterfactual thinking may serve the function of enhancing coping and feelings of relative … Our main study (N = 1150) and six supplementary studies (N = 1901) re-examined this link to reveal a different result, a weak relation between optimism and upward (rather than downward) counterfactual thinking. The name “counterfactual thinking” may sound a bit complicated, but in reality, as you will see in the example below, it is a simple concept to understand. Depression and PTSD predicted 9% of the downward counterfactual thinking. Download Full PDF Package. 5,7 In this same example, that might involve thinking about what could have happened had there been more people in the car with Mr. Jones, or if the accident had turned into a multi-vehicle pile-up that caused even more injury and suffering. Downward counterfactuals were largely accepted as conferring affective benefits (Feeney, Gardiner, Johnston, Jones, & McEvoy, 2005; Medvec, The subscales were largely orthogonal and had adequate internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Counterfactuals are thoughts of what might have been, of possible past outcomes that could have taken place. Counterfactual thoughts have a variety of effects on emotions, beliefs, and behavior, with regret being the most common resulting emotion. The impact of outcome controllability on the direction of counterfactual thoughts (reconstructions of past outcomes based on "might have been"alternatives) was examined in two laboratory experiments. Answer: Counterfactual thinking, which is something we are all guilty of to some degree, I would imagine, is the process of looking at something that has already occurred, usually something negative, and thinking about how it might have turned out if … We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. These reflections are called downward counterfactual thinking.. 2015 Aug;97(2):93-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.04.016. According to a 2000 study, downward counterfactual thinking can be linked with better psychological health compared to upward counterfactual thinking. 37 … Upward Counterfactual Thinking Clip: Modern Family "Airport 2010". Accordingly, the study did not analyze the In a longitudinal survey, self-referent, other-referent, and nonreferent upward counterfactuals, and nonreferent downward counterfactuals were assessed at baseline. Interestingly, counterfactual thinking has not yet been found to relate to locus of control (Eck & Kite, 1997). Measuring attitudes helps investigators make inferences about the attitudes that may be responsible for certain behaviors. The counterfactual thoughts for silver medalists tend to focus on how close they are to the gold medal, upward counterfactually thinking about the event, whereas bronze medalists tend to counterfactual think about how they could have not received a medal at all, displaying downward counterfactual thinking. Conversely, downward counterfactuals (i.e., "If … had happened, then the current situation could have been [even] worse") may facilitate benefit finding, thereby reducing distress. Patients in both experimental groups overestimated the ending of the script, reflecting the hindsight bias effect. It is also possible to engage in downward counterfactual thinking, that is, simulating how a successful consumption episode could have been less successful. Forty-two effect sizes from a … ... (making more downward and relatively fewer upward counterfactuals) in response to the two anxiety‐provoking scenarios, suggesting the involvement of a self‐enhancement motive (mood repair). In Study 1 (N = 634), factor analysis revealed four subscales that correspond with various types of counterfactual thinking: Nonreferent Downward, Other-Referent Upward, Self-Referent Upward, and Nonreferent Upward. One week later, they re-simulated self-generated upward, downward, and neutral counterfactual alternatives to those memories either once or four times. Download Full PDF Package. We examined the relationships between … This research focused on persistence in general, regardless of the type of competition and whether it involved individual participants or teams. Procrastination and counterfactual thinking: Avoiding what might have been. However, the authors suggest that under conditions in which self-enhancement motives are prominent, downward counterfactuals will be more frequent than upward counterfactuals. Researchers interested in counterfactual thinking have often found that upward counterfactual thoughts lead to increased motivation to improve in the future, although at the cost of increased negative affect. The majority of research on counterfactual thinking has been organized around understanding how a past outcome might have turned out better (upward counterfactual) versus might have turned out worse (downward counterfactual), but some studies have drawn on theorizing on regulatory focus to begin to move beyond a simple upward–downward dichotomy. A positive correlation was found between upward counterfactual thinking and hindsight bias effect (r= … They are comprised of two components: (1) an activation, often triggered by a negative experience, and (2) its content. Past research has found that downward counterfactual thoughts are rarely generated in response to negative life events. Our main study (N= 1150) and six supplementary studies (N= 1901) re-examined this link to reveal a different result, a weak relation between optimism and upward (rather than downward) counterfactual thinking. Sally is a student in a large school. Downward looking strategies in systems biology attempt to analyze systemic dynamics into different components, whereas upward looking strategies aim to synthesize how the quantitative interactions among individual molecules result in higher-level … The basis of the difference between upward and downward counterfactuals relates to the person’s interpretation of the situation. The upward state of this type of thinking is when we think at things that could have changed the outcome of an event in better. Nice work! A respondent shows his or her attitude, by answering a series of questions. > Not unless you do something like Singapore, which sells their affordable housing, permitting individual purchasers to leverage private market financing. Within a few short years, research on counterfactual thinking has mushroomed, establishing itself as one of the signature domains within social psychology. relief are evoked by downward counterfactual thoughts; such thoughts may thus be generated strategically to repair mood. Antecedents and Consequences of Upward and Downward Counterfactual Thinking. By Xue Feng, Ruolei Gu, Fucheng Liang, Lucas S. Broster, Yunzhe Liu, Dandan Zhang and Yue-jia Luo. The study also finds a positive relationship between upward counterfactual thinking and turnover intent and between downward counterfactual thinking and organizational commitment. Trait procrastination was overall related to avoiding thoughts about how things could have been better (making more downward and relatively fewer upward counterfactuals) in response to the two anxiety‐provoking scenarios, suggesting the involvement of a self‐enhancement motive (mood repair). 199: Worldviews Counterfactual Thought and Emotion. In this study we explored frequency of upward and downward counterfactuals in trauma-exposed individuals, and how trauma-related counterfactuals were represented in terms of vividness. Download PDF. Depressive states amplify both upward and downward counterfactual thinking . Now that we know that Counterfactual thinking is a common thought pattern that occurs with most of the human beings, we should understand that it chalks the line between an optimist and a pessimist. This meta-analysis examined the strength of association between upward counterfactual thinking and depressive symptoms. Two studies examined self-efficacy as a moderator of the consequences of upward and downward counterfactual thinking. However, the researchers did not specifically analyze each response to determine if the participant was utilizing upward or downward counterfactual thinking, and Both direction and structure influenced performance on an anagram task such that upward and additive (vs. downward and subtractive) counterfactuals engendered greater improvement. Consider this thought experiment : Someone in front of you drops down unconscious, but fortunately there’s a paramedic standing by at the scene. This paper. 133-167). Functional theory. Counterfactuals serve a preparative function, and help people avoid past blunders. Counterfactual thinking also serves the affective function to make a person feel better. By comparing one's present outcome to a less desirable outcome, the person may feel better about the current situation (1995). This paper. Most previous studies have concentrated on the impact of depression on upward counterfactual thinking, inferring that depressive symptoms might be associated with stronger feelings of regret (Monroe et al., 2005). An interrelated set of 5 studies examined whether, and under what conditions, people generate more downward than upward counterfactuals in response to stressful life events. The results of Study 1 indicate that upward counterfactuals are elicited more than downward counterfactuals in response to both accepted and rejected bids. Study 2 When people think about positive possible outcome but have low self-efficacy, it causes they to feel worse. 4.2.4.6. When people think about positive possible outcome but have low self-efficacy, it causes they to feel worse. 283: Finally, downward counterfactuals were linked to a greater focus on the context (external factors), whereas upward counterfactuals on the defendant/victim’s behaviours (internal factors). on counterfactual thinking has found that individuals often compare counterfactual alternatives to reality, leading to an affective contrast effect (Markman & McMullen, 2003; McMullen, 1997). thinking about how things could have still turned out the same'even if' 'if..still' in which we undo past evevnts but outcome remains unchanged. Initial work suggested a trade-off: when people make downward comparisons in order to improve affect (e.g., "at least I didn't fail the test"), they sacrifice their motivation to improve. The counterfactual thoughts for silver medalists tend to focus on how close they are to the gold medal, upward counterfactually thinking about the event, whereas bronze medalists tend to counterfactual think about how they could have not received a medal at all, displaying downward counterfactual thinking. According to the authors, whether social comparison or counterfactual thinking result in positive or negative affect not only depends on the direction of comparison (upward or downward), but also on two modes of mental simulation (i.e., reflection or evaluation) that can be activated during comparative thinking. ... a. counterfactual thinking b. ability discrimination c. social comparison d. cooperative analysis Counterfactual thinking. Upward counterfactual thinking involves inflecting on how things could have turned out better. Upward counterfactual thinking is the thoughts of identification on how an outcome could have been better, and are strongly evoked by difficulties that arise during goal pursuit. Downward counterfactuals have their uses too. They particularly help people feel better in the aftermath of misfortune. When something bad happens, people say, “It could have been worse,” and contemplating those even more terrible counterfactuals is comforting. This research focused on persistence in general, regardless of the type of competition and whether it involved individual participants or teams. Research reveals that whether we engage in upward or downward counterfactual thinking depends most upon asked Apr 30, 2020 in Psychology by ecz923 social-and-applied-psychology However, downward counterfactual thinking was unable to predict the students’ persistence. optimism, upward and downward counterfactual thinking toward persistence among student competitors. An upward counterfactual (as opposed to a downward counterfactual) is generated when people imagine better (rather than worse) alternative states, such as having made the right choices, successfully avoiding a tragedy, or achieving a better version of oneself (Epstude and Roese, 2008, Markman and McMullen, 2003). Olson (Eds. In both studies, self-efficacy was manipulated by false feedback after performing an anagram task. Dimensions of counterfactual thinking Upward versus downward counterfactuals. Counterfactual thinking was varied into downward and upward counterfactual conditions, while gender was categorized into male and female electorates. Counterfactual Thinking Counterfactual thinking1-3 is defined as thoughts about what might have been or alternatives to reality. Chasity Howard. If you find not all your counterfactual thoughts were both upward AND additive then it’s worth paying mind to the next time you’re faced with a situation in your own life … One identified function is the contrast-based affective response to downward counterfactuals (e.g., McMullen, 1997; Roese, 1997; Taylor & Schneider, 1989) - a given outcome will be judged more favorably to the extent that a less desirable … The latest Lifestyle | Daily Life news, tips, opinion and advice from The Sydney Morning Herald covering life and relationships, beauty, fashion, health & wellbeing The generation of alternative scenarios that are better than what actually happened is labeled upward counterfactual thinking, whereas the generation of alternative scenarios that are worse than what actually occurred is labeled downward counterfactual thinking Both direction and structure influenced performance on an anagram task such that upward and additive (vs. downward and subtractive) counterfactuals engendered greater improvement.
Sport Tourism Articles,
How To Auto Draft Espn Fantasy Baseball,
Washington College Seattle,
Exterior Steel Doors With Glass,
Cadillac Lyriq Release Date,
Germany Euro Rate Near Slough,